General English & Verbal Ability

• Basic Rule: Singular Subject → Singular Verb (is/was/has/V1+s/es). Plural Subject → Plural Verb (are/were/have/V1).
• The "One of" Rule: One of the + Plural Noun + Singular Verb.
  Example: One of my friends is (not are) a doctor.
• Each/Every/Either/Neither: Always take Singular Verb and Singular Pronoun (his/her).
  Example: Each of the boys has done his work.
• Pairs: Bread and Butter, Rice and Curry → Singular Verb (if used as a single idea).
• Prepositional Phrase: Subject is what comes before the preposition.
  Example: The quality of the apples is good. (Quality is singular).

• Collective Nouns: Jury, Team, Committee → Singular Verb (if united). If divided in opinion → Plural Verb.
• Numerical Adjective: Dozen, Hundred, Thousand, Million do not take 's' if preceded by a number.
  Correct: Two hundred rupees. (Not Two hundreds).
• Who vs Whom:
  • Who: For Subject (doer of action).
  • Whom: For Object (receiver of action).

• A vs An: Depends on Sound (उच्चारण), not Spelling.
  • An: Vowel sound (अ, आ, इ, ए) - An Hour, An M.L.A, An Honest man.
  • A: Consonant sound (क, ख, ग, य) - A University, A One-rupee coin.
• The: For specific/particular things.
  Rule: Do not use 'The' before Proper Nouns (names of people/cities). Exception: The USA, The Punjab.

• Hardly/Scarcely ... followed by When (Not than).
• No sooner ... followed by Than (Not when).
• Although/Though ... followed by Yet or comma (Not but).
• Not only ... followed by But also.
• Lest ... followed by Should (Not will/would).
• Unless/Until: Do not use 'Not' in the clause following these (as they are negative themselves).

• Golden Rule: Always use V3 (Third form of Verb) in Passive voice.
• Tense Change:
  • Indefinite: is/am/are/was/were + V3
  • Continuous: is/am/are/was/were + being + V3
  • Perfect: has/have/had + been + V3
  • Modals: Modal + be + V3
• Trick: Meaning and Tense Type (Present/Past) never change. Eliminate options that change tense.

• Backshift Rule: Present becomes Past.
  • Simple Present → Simple Past (V1 → V2)
  • Present Continuous → Past Continuous (is → was)
  • Present Perfect → Past Perfect (has → had)
  • Past Indefinite → Past Perfect (did/V2 → had + V3)
• Time Words: Now → Then, Today → That day, Yesterday → The previous day.
• Universal Truth: No Tense change.
  Example: The teacher said, "The sun rises in the east" → ...that the sun rises in the east.

Root Word Method (रामबाण इलाज):

• Mal = Bad (Malnutrition, Malice, Malfunction).
• Bene/Bon = Good (Benefit, Benevolent, Bonus).
• Logy = Study (Biology, Zoology).
• Cide = Killing (Suicide, Patricide, Regicide).
• Phil = Love (Philanthropy, Bibliophile).
• Phobia = Fear (Hydrophobia, Acrophobia).

• First Sentence Finder: Search for the Independent sentence (Starts with Noun, introduces topic). Avoid sentences starting with He, She, However, Therefore.
• Pairing Method:
  • Full Name comes before Short Name/Pronoun.
  • Problem comes before Solution.
  • Chronology: Past → Present → Future.

• Tone Identification: Is the passage Positive (development) or Negative (decline)? Eliminate opposite words.
• Grammar Link: Check the word before/after the blank.
  • To + ____ (V1)
  • For/Of/In + ____ (V1+ing or Noun)
  • Has/Have/Had + ____ (V3)

Strategy:

1. Scan Questions first: Find keywords.
2. Read Passage: Locate keywords.
3. Strictly Passage Based: Do not use outside GK. Answer must be found within the text.