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Logical Reasoning Mastery

Master Verbal, Non-Verbal, and Analytical Reasoning for all competitive exams.

Logical Reasoning tests your ability to think critically and solve problems using logic. This guide covers Verbal, Non-Verbal, and Analytical Reasoning topics essential for Banking, SSC, and Placement exams.

A. Verbal Reasoning

1. Analogy & Classification (सादृश्यता और वर्गीकरण)

Concept: No specific formula, relies on General Knowledge and finding relationships.

  • Number Analogy Priority Order:
    Prime No. > Cube > Square > Multiplication > Addition
  • Alphabet Analogy: Check gap between letters (+2, -3, etc).

2. Coding – Decoding (कोडिंग-डिकोडिंग)

  • Position Numbers (EJOTY Rule): E=5, J=10, O=15, T=20, Y=25
  • CFILORUX (3x Table): C=3, F=6, I=9, L=12, O=15...
  • Opposite Pairs (Sum = 27):
    A↔Z (Azad), B↔Y (Boy), C↔X (Crux), D↔W (Dew)
    L↔O (Love), M↔N (Man)
  • Formula: Opposite Letter Position = 27 - Current Position

3. Series (Number & Alphabet)

Pattern Check List:

  1. Difference (अंतर)
  2. Double Difference (अंतर का अंतर)
  3. Squares/Cubes neighbors (n² ± 1 or n³ ± 1)
  4. Prime Numbers

4. Blood Relations (रक्त संबंध)

  • Symbols:
    Male: [+] or Box (□)
    Female: [-] or Circle (○)
    Married Couple: Double line (=) or (⇔)
    Generation Gap: Vertical line (|)
    Sibling: Horizontal line (-)
  • Key Terms:
    Paternal = Father’s side (Chacha, Bua)
    Maternal = Mother’s side (Mama, Mausi)
    Only son/daughter = इकलौता

5. Direction Sense (दिशा ज्ञान)

  • Main Directions: North (Up), South (Down), East (Right), West (Left)
  • Angles:
    Right Turn = 90° Clockwise
    Left Turn = 90° Anti-clockwise
  • Shadow Rules:
    • Morning (Sunrise): Shadow falls towards West.
    • Evening (Sunset): Shadow falls towards East.
    • 12 Noon: No shadow.
  • Shortest Distance: Pythagoras Theorem (H² = P² + B²)

6. Ranking, Order & Position

  • Total Persons (T): If rank provided from both sides (Left & Right):
    T = (Left + Right) - 1
  • Position from other end: (Total - Given Position) + 1
  • Persons Between:
    • Simple Case (Total > L + R): Gap = Total - (L + R)
    • Overlapping Case (Total < L + R): Gap = (L + R) - Total - 2

7. Syllogism (न्याय निगमन)

  • Method: Venn Diagram
  • All A are B: A circle inside B circle.
  • Some A are B: Circles intersect.
  • No A is B: Circles are separate.
  • Either-Or Condition:
    1. Both conclusions must be False (individually).
    2. Subject & Predicate must be same.
    3. One Positive (Some/All) + One Negative (No/Some Not).

8. Inequality (असमानता)

Top Priority (King)> or <
2nd Priority (Minister)≥ or ≤
Last Priority (Public)=

Rule: If King (>) appears, King wins. If opposite signs (e.g., A > B < C) appear, then "No Relation".

9. Logical Reasoning (Statement Based)

  • Assumption (पूर्वधारणा): What the speaker assumed before speaking. Must be Positive & Practical.
  • Cause & Effect: Identify which happened first (Cause) and the result (Effect).
  • Course of Action: Should solve/reduce the problem without creating a new one. "Strict Action" only for severe cases.

B. Non-Verbal Reasoning

10. Mirror & Water Image (दर्पण और जल प्रतिबिंब)

  • Mirror Image: Left ↔ Right changes. Top/Bottom remain same.
    Trick: Draw on paper and look from back against light.
  • Water Image: Top ↔ Bottom changes. Left/Right remain same.
    Trick: Subtract time from 18:30 for clock problems.

11. Paper Folding & Cutting

Rule: Always unfold in Reverse Order. The unfolded part looks like a Mirror Image of the folded part.

12. Cubes & Dice (घन और पासा)

  • Standard Dice: Sum of opposite faces = 7 (1 opp 6, 2 opp 5, 3 opp 4).
  • General Dice Rules:
    • Rule 1 (One Common): Rotate Clockwise from common number.
    • Rule 2 (Two Common): The remaining numbers are opposite to each other.
  • Open Dice: Alternate boxes are opposite (Skip one box).

13. Counting Figures

  • Triangles in Triangle: If base Divided, number parts (1, 2, 3...) and add. Sum = n(n+1)/2.
  • Triangles in Box: Count small triangles formed by diagonals and Double it (n × 2).
  • Squares in Grid (n × n): 1² + 2² + ... + n²
  • Squares in Grid (m × n): (m×n) + (m-1)(n-1) ... until 0.

14. Clock (घड़ी)

  • Angle between Hands: θ = | (11/2)M - 30H |
  • Coincide (0°): 11 times in 12 hours.
  • Opposite (180°): 11 times in 12 hours.
  • Right Angle (90°): 22 times in 12 hours.